From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The
Recording Industry Association of America (
RIAA) is a
trust that represents the
recording industry distributors in the
United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA say "create, manufacture and/or distribute approximately 85% of all legitimate sound recordings produced and sold in the United States".
[1]
The RIAA was formed in 1952
[2] primarily to administer the
RIAA equalization curve,
[citation needed] a technical standard of
frequency response applied to
vinyl records during manufacturing and playback. The RIAA has continued to participate in creating and administering technical standards for later systems of
music recording and reproduction, including
magnetic tape (including
cassette tapes and
digital audio tapes),
CDs and software-based digital technologies.
The RIAA participates in the
collective rights management of sound recording. The association is also responsible for
certifying gold and platinum albums and singles in the USA.
The RIAA lists its goals as:
[1]
- to protect intellectual property rights worldwide and the First Amendment rights of artists;
- to perform research about the music industry;
- to monitor and review relevant laws, regulations and policies.
[edit] Company structure and sales
As of April 2007
[update], the RIAA is led by
Mitch Bainwol, who has been
Chairman and
CEO since 2003. He is assisted by
Cary Sherman, the President of the Board of Directors. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, drawn mostly from the big four members of the RIAA.
[3]
The RIAA represents over 1,600
member labels, which are private corporate entities such as record labels and distributors, and which collectively create and distribute about 90% of recorded music sold in the United States. The largest and most influential of the members are the "Big Four" that include:
The total retail value of recordings sold by members of the RIAA is reported to be $10.4 billion
[4] at the end of 2007, reflecting a decline from a high of $14.6 billion in 1999.
[edit] Sales certification
The RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies.
[5] The program originally began in 1958, with a
Gold Award for singles and albums that reach US$1 million sales. The criteria was changed in 1975 to be based on the number of copies sold, with singles and albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a
Platinum Award was added for one million sales, and in 1999 a
Diamond Award for ten million sales. The awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members.
[6]
Since 2000,
[7] the RIAA also operates a similar program for
Spanish language music sales, called
Los Premios de Oro y De Platino. Currently, a
Disco De Oro (Gold) is awarded for 50,000 units and a
Disco De Platino is awarded for 100,000 units, with
Album Multi-Platino at 200,000.
[8] To be eligible for this award, sound recordings must contain more than 50% Spanish language content.
[7]
[edit] “Digital” sales certification
In 2004, the RIAA added a branch of certification for what it calls “digital” recordings, meaning roughly “recordings transferred to the recipient over a network” (such as those sold via the
iTunes Store), and excluding other obviously-digital media such as those on
CD,
DAT, or
MiniDiscs. In 2006, “digital ringtones” were added to this branch of certification. As of 2007
[update], the certification criteria for these recordings are as follows:
- Silver: more than 100,000 copies
- Gold: more than 500,000 copies
- Platinum: more than 1,000,000 copies
- Multi-Platinum: more than 2,000,000 copies
- Diamond: more than 10,000,000 copies
[edit] Video Longform certification
Along with albums, digital albums, and singles there is another classification of music release called "Video Longform." This release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is slightly different from other styles.
[9]
- Gold: 50,000
- Platinum: 100,000
[edit] Efforts against infringement of members' copyrights
[edit] Efforts against file sharing
The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music. Studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible
[10][11] to substantial.
[12][13]
The association has commenced high profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers. It has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children. It is accused of employing techniques such as peer-to-peer "decoying" and "
spoofing" to combat file sharing.
[14][15]
As of late 2008 they have announced they will stop their lawsuits
[citation needed] and instead are attempting to work with ISPs who will use a three strike warning system for file sharing, and upon the third strike will cut off internet service all together.
[16] However as of 2009 no major ISPs have announced they are part of the plan, and Verizon has publicly denied any involvement with this plan.
[17]
[edit] Selection of defendants
The RIAA names defendants based on ISP identification of the subscriber associated with an
IP address,
[18] and as such do not know any additional information about a person before they sue. After an Internet subscriber's identity is discovered, but before an individual lawsuit is filed, the subscriber is typically offered an opportunity to settle. The standard settlement is a payment to the RIAA and an agreement not to engage in file-sharing of music and is usually on par with statutory damages of $750 per work, with the RIAA choosing the number of works it deems "reasonable". For cases that do not settle at this amount, the RIAA has gone to trial, seeking statutory damages from the jury, written into The Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act of 1999 as between $750 and $30,000 per work or $750 and $150,000 per work if "willful." In the case
RIAA v. Tenenbaum, the jury awarded the RIAA $22,500 per song shared by Joel Tenenbaum resulting in a judgment of $675,000 for the shared 30 tracks (this was later reduced to $67,500 by the judge) and in the case RIAA v.
Jammie Thomas-Rasset, the jury awarded $80,000 per song, or $1.92 million for 24 tracks
[19][20] (this award was later reduced by the judge to $54,000,
[21] though the final amount of damages has yet to be determined).
The
Electronic Frontier Foundation and
Public Citizen oppose the ability of the RIAA and other companies to "strip Internet users of anonymity without allowing them to challenge the order in court".
[22][23]
The RIAA's methods of identifying individual users had, in some rare cases, led to the issuing of
subpoena to a recently deceased 83-year-old woman,
[24] an elderly computer novice,
[25] and a family reportedly without any computer at all.
[26]
[edit] Settlement programs
In February, 2007 the RIAA began sending letters accusing internet users of sharing files and directing them to web site
P2PLAWSUITS.COM, where they can make "discount" settlements payable by credit card.
[27] The letters go on to say that anyone not settling will have lawsuits brought against them. Typical settlements are between $3,000 and $12,000. This new strategy was formed because the RIAA's legal fees were cutting into the income from settlements.
[28] In 2008, RIAA sued nineteen-year-old Ciara Sauro for allegedly sharing ten songs online.
[29]
The RIAA also launched an 'early settlement program' directed to ISPs and to colleges and universities, urging them to pass along letters to subscribers and students offering early "settlements", prior to the disclosure of their identities. The settlement letters urged ISPs to preserve evidence for the benefit of the RIAA and invited the students and subscribers to visit an RIAA website for the purpose of entering into a "discount settlement" payable by credit card.
[30] By March 2007, the focus had shifted from ISPs to colleges and universities.
[28][31][32]
[edit] Lawsuits against other recording, distribution, and search technologies
In October 1998, the Recording Industry Association of America filed a lawsuit in the Ninth U.S. Court of Appeals in
San Francisco claiming the
Diamond Multimedia Rio PMP300 player violated the 1992
Audio Home Recording Act. The
Rio PMP300 was significant because it was the second portable consumer MP3 digital audio player released on the market. The three judge panel ruled in favor of Diamond, paving the way for the development of the portable digital player market.
[33]
In 2003, the RIAA sued college student developers of LAN search engines
Phynd and Flatlan, describing them as "a sophisticated network designed to enable widespread music thievery".
[34][35][36]
In September 2003, the RIAA filed suit in civil court against several private individuals who had shared large numbers of files with
Kazaa. Most of these suits were settled with monetary payments averaging $3,000. Kazaa publisher Sharman Networks responded with a lawsuit against the RIAA, alleging that the terms of use of the network were violated and that unauthorized client software was used in the investigation to track down the individual file sharers (such as Kazaa Lite). An effort to throw out this suit was denied in January 2004, however, that suit was settled in 2006.
[citation needed]
RIAA has also filed suit in 2006 to enjoin digital
XM Satellite Radio from enabling its subscribers from playing songs it has recorded from its satellite broadcasts.
[37] It is also suing several Internet radio stations.
[38]
On December 21, 2006, the RIAA filed a lawsuit against Russian owned and operated website
AllOfMP3.com in the amount of $1.65
trillion ($1,650,000,000,000). This number was derived from multiplying 11 million songs with
statutory damages of $150,000 per song. The Moscow court ruled in favor of AllOfMP3.com.
[39]
On October 12, 2007, the RIAA sued Usenet.com seeking a permanent injunction to prevent the company from "aiding, encouraging, enabling, inducing, causing, materially contributing to, or otherwise facilitating [copyright infringement]". This suit, the first that the RIAA has filed against a Usenet provider, has added another branch to the RIAA's rapidly expanding fight to curb the
unauthorized distribution of copyrighted materials. Unlike many of the RIAA's previous lawsuits, this suit is filed against the provider of a service who has no direct means of removing infringing content. The RIAA's argument relies heavily on the fact the Usenet.com, the only defendant that has been named currently, promoted their service with slogans and phrases that strongly suggested that the service could be used to obtain free music.
[citation needed]
On April 28, 2008, RIAA member labels sued Project Playlist, a web music search site, claiming that the majority of the sound recordings in the site's index of links are infringing. Project Playlist's website denies that any of the music is hosted on Project Playlist's own servers.
[40]
On October 26, 2010, RIAA members won a case against LimeWire, a P2P file sharing network, for illegal distribution of copyrighted works.
[41] On October 29, in retaliation,
riaa.org was taken offline via
denial-of-service attack executed by members of
Operation Payback and
Anonymous .
[42]
[edit] The "work made for hire" controversy
In 1999, Mitch Glazier, a Congressional staff attorney, inserted, without public notice or comment, substantive language into the final markup of a "technical corrections" section of copyright legislation, classifying many music recordings as "
works made for hire," thereby stripping artists of their copyright interests and transferring those interests to their record labels.
[43][44] Shortly afterwards, Glazier was hired as Senior Vice President of Government Relations and Legislative Counsel for the RIAA, which vigorously defended the change when it came to light.
[45] The battle over the disputed provision led to the formation of the
Recording Artists' Coalition, which successfully lobbied for repeal of the change.
[46][47]
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ a b "Who We Are". RIAA. http://www.riaa.com/aboutus.php.
- ^ "RIAA News Room - RIAA Celebrates 50 Years Of Gold Records - Aug 11, 2008". Riaa.com. http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=7b0d4a07-0d23-a750-0be1-22882c5c2f13. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ Board of the RIAA (RIAA website)
- ^ [1] (RIAA website)
- ^ RIAA Website. "Gold and Platinum (Index)". http://www.riaa.com/gp/default.asp.
- ^ RIAA Website. "Gold and Platinum Certification". http://www.riaa.com/gp/certification/default.asp.
- ^ a b "RIAA News Room - RIAA Launches �Los Premios de Oro y De Platino� to Recognize Top Latin Artists". riaa.com. January 25, 2000. http://riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=9E48CA58-B85D-DE3D-4947-2CB0F2194F64&searchterms=Los%20Premios%20De%20Oro%20y%20Platino&terminclude=&termexact=. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
- ^ RIAA lowers Latin's Gold, Platinum requirements. Billboard. July 26, 2008. p. 16. http://books.google.com/books?id=6RMEAAAAMBAJ. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Billboard.com Latest Video Longform Certifications Retrieved on May 14, 2008
- ^ "Microsoft Word - FileSharing_March2004.doc" (PDF). http://www.unc.edu/~cigar/papers/FileSharing_March2004.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ A Heretical View of File Sharing, by John Schwartz, The New York Times, 5 April 2004
- ^ Siwek, Stephen E. The True Cost of Sound Recording Piracy to the U.S. Economy (2007) IPI Policy Report 188, 2007, 6-10.
- ^ Butler, Susan. Report: Piracy Has Cost U.S. $12.5 Billion, Billboard magazine. August 21, 2007.
- ^ The Register (2003-01-17). "“I poisoned P2P networks for the RIAA” – whistleblower". http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/01/17/i_poisoned_p2p_networks/. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
- ^ The Register (2003-03-18). "RIAA chief invokes Martin Luther King in pigopoly defense: P2P poisoning, ISP clampdown justified". http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/03/18/riaa_chief_invokes_martin_luther/. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
- ^ "UNLIMITED | CMU | Verizon backtrack on three-strike disconnect claim". Newsblog.thecmuwebsite.com. http://newsblog.thecmuwebsite.com/post/Verizon-backtrack-on-three-strike-disconnect-claim.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "Verizon Spokeswoman Responds to CNET Report - Verizon PolicyBlog". Policyblog.verizon.com. 2010-01-20. http://policyblog.verizon.com/BlogPost/692/VerizonSpokeswomanRespondstoCNETReport.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ CBS News (2005). "Mom Fights Recording Industry". http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/12/27/earlyshow/leisure/music/main1166218.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
- ^ "Tenenbaum says he faces bankruptcy after 675k piracy verdict". Computerworld. 2009-08-07. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9136350/Q_A_Tenenbaum_says_he_faces_bankruptcy_after_675K_piracy_verdict?taxonomyId=1&pageNumber=2. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
- ^ "Thomas verdict: willful infringement, $1.92 million penalty | Ethiopian News". Ethiopianreview.com. 2009-07-12. http://www.ethiopianreview.com/articles/13634. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ Anderson, Nate (2010-01-22). "Judge slashes "monstrous" P2P award by 97% to $54,000". Arstechnica.com. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2010/01/judge-slashes-monstrous-jammie-thomas-p2p-award-by-35x.ars. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ American Civil Liberties Union (2003-09-29). "Citing Right to Anonymity Online, ACLU Asks Boston Court to Block Recording Industry Subpoena". Press release. http://www.aclu.org/privacy/anon/15590prs20030929.html. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
- ^ Public Citizen (2004-02-02). "Record Industry Cuts Corners in Crusade Against File-Sharers". Press release. http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/release.cfm?ID=1636. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
- ^ I sue dead people, Ars Technica, 4 February 2005.
- ^ "Grandmother piracy lawsuit dropped". BBC News. 2003-09-25. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3140160.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
- ^ RIAA sues computer-less family, by Anders Bylund, Ars Technica, 24 April 2006.
- ^ Meg Marco (March 2007). "RIAA Bullies College Students With P2PLawsuits.com". http://consumerist.com/2007/03/riaa-bullies-college-students-with-p2plawsuitscom.html.
- ^ a b Read, Brock (2007-03-16). "Record Companies to Accused Pirates: Deal or No Deal?". The Chronicle of Higher Education: p. A31. http://chronicle.com/weekly/v53/i28/28a03101.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
- ^ "Teen Transplant Candidate Sued Over Music Downloads". thepittsburghchannel.com. 2008-12-09. http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/riaa-preys-teen-need-transplant.
- ^ "RIAA Adopts New Policy, offers Pre-Doe settlement option if ISP Holds Logs Longer, Asks ISP's to Correct Identification Mistakes" Recording Industry vs. The People, February 13, 2007.
- ^ "RIAA targets university students" (Variety.com)
- ^ "Recording industry battles piracy"[dead link] by Elizabeth Lauten, The East Carolinian (East Carolina University), April 4, 2007
- ^ Court OKs Diamond Rio MP3 Player, by Elizabeth Clampet, InternetNews.Com, 16 June 1999
- ^ Borland, John. "RIAA sues campus file-swappers - CNET News". News.cnet.com. http://news.cnet.com/2100-1027-995429.html?tag=fd_lede1_hed. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "The Heights - Record industry sues Flatlan operators". Media.www.bcheights.com. http://media.www.bcheights.com/media/storage/paper144/news/2003/04/08/Marketplace/Record.Industry.Sues.Flatlan.Operators-410377.shtml. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ XM Faces The Music In RIAA Copyright Suit, by Joseph Palenchar, TWICE, 22 May 2006
- ^ RIAA sues Internet radio stations, Out-Law.com, July 2001
- ^ ALLOFMP3. Digital music., Allofmp3.com, November 05, 2007
- ^ Sandoval, Greg (2008-04-28). "RIAA files copyright suit against Project Playlist". News.cnet.com. http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9930419-7.html. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ RIAA Wins: LimeWire Shut Down By Court Order, by KerryOnWorld, 27 Oct 2010
- ^ Thomas Mennecke (2010-10-29). "RIAA and LimeWire Both are Offline". Slyck.com. http://www.slyck.com/story2110_RIAA_and_LimeWire_Both_Are_Offline.
- ^ Wired. "Rule Reversal: Blame It on RIAA". http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2000/08/38129?currentPage=all. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ "RIAA Accounting: Why Even Major Label Musicians Rarely Make Money From Album Sales". http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20100712/23482610186.shtml.
- ^ Eric Boehlert (2000-08-28). "Four Little Words". Salon. http://archive.salon.com/ent/music/feature/2000/08/28/work_for_hire/print.html. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
- ^ Barry Willis (2000-10-29). "Clinton Signs Repeal of "Works for Hire" Law". Stereophile. http://www.stereophile.com/news/10880/. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
- ^ Pub.L. 106-379
[edit] External links
